How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology

How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 15, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 15, 2019 vgajic / E / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Behavioral Therapy Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning View All Back To Top In behavioral therapy, the goal is to reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted or maladaptive ones. Behavioral therapy is rooted in the principles of behaviorism, a school of thought focused on the idea that we learn from our environment. The techniques used in this type of treatment are based on the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. One important thing to note about the various behavioral therapies is that unlike some other types of therapy that are rooted in insight (such as psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies), behavioral therapy is action-based. Behavioral therapists are focused on using the same learning strategies that led to the formation of unwanted behaviors. Because of this, behavioral therapy tends to be highly focused. The behavior itself is the problem and the goal is to teach clients new behaviors to minimize or eliminate the issue. Old learning led to the development of a problem and so the idea is that new learning can fix it. There are also three major areas that also draw on the strategies of behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy relies on behavioral techniques but adds a cognitive element, focusing on the problematic thoughts that lie behind behaviors.Applied behavior analysis utilizes operant conditioning to shape and modify problematic behaviors.Social learning theory centers on how people learn through observation. Observing others being rewarded or punished for their actions can lead to learning and behavior change. A Brief Background Edward Thorndike was one of the first to refer to the idea of modifying behavior. Other early pioneers of behavior therapy included psychologists Joseph Wolpe and Hans Eysenck. Behaviorist B.F. Skinners work had a major influence on the development of behavior therapy and his work introduced many of the concepts and techniques that are still in use today. Later on, psychologists such as Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis began adding a cognitive element to behavioral strategies to form a treatment approach known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The Foundation of Behavioral Therapy In order to understand how behavioral therapy works, lets start by exploring the two basic principles that contribute to behavioral therapy: classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli. Previously neutral stimuli are paired with a stimulus that naturally and automatically evokes a response. After repeated pairings, an association is formed and the previously neutral stimulus will come to evoke the response on its own. Operant conditioning focuses on how reinforcement and punishment can be utilized to either increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior. Behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to occur again in the future, while those followed by negative consequences become less likely to occur. Behavior Therapy Based on Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one way to alter behavior, and a number of techniques exist that can produce such change. Originally known as behavior modification, this type of therapy is often referred to today as applied behavior analysis. Some of the techniques and strategies used in this approach to therapy include: Flooding This process involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly. It is often used to treat phobias, anxiety and other stress-related disorders. During the process, the individual is prevented from escaping or avoiding the situation. For example, flooding might be used to help a client who is suffering from an intense fear of dogs. At first, the client might be exposed to a small friendly dog for an extended period of time during which he or she cannot leave. After repeated exposures to the dog during which nothing bad happens, the fear response begins to fade. Systematic Desensitization This technique involves having a client make a list of fears and then teaching the individual to relax while concentrating on these fears. The use of this process began with psychologist John B. Watson and his famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a young child to fear a white rat. Later, Mary Cover Jones replicated Watsons results and utilized counterconditioning techniques to desensitize and eliminate the fear response. Systematic desensitization is often used to treat phobias. The process follows three basic steps. First, the client is taught relaxation techniques.Next, the individual creates a ranked list of fear-invoking situations.Starting with the least fear-inducing item and working their way up to the most fear-inducing item, the client confronts these fears under the guidance of the therapist while maintaining a relaxed state. For example, an individual with a fear of the dark might start by looking at an image of a dark room before moving on to thinking about being in a dark room and then actually confronting his fear by sitting in a dark room. By pairing the old fear-producing stimulus with the newly learned relaxation behavior, the phobic response can be reduced or even eliminated. Aversion Therapy This process involves pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced. For example, someone suffering from alcoholism might utilize a drug known as disulfiram, which causes severe symptoms such as headaches, nausea, anxiety, and vomiting when combined with alcohol. Because the person becomes extremely ill when they drink, the drinking behavior may be eliminated. How Aversion Therapy Works to Fix Unwanted Behaviors Behavior Therapy Based on Operant Conditioning Many behavior techniques rely on the principles of operant conditioning, which means that they utilize reinforcement, punishment, shaping, modeling and related techniques to alter behavior. These methods have the benefit of being highly focused, which means that they can produce fast and effective results. Some of the techniques and strategies used in this approach to behavioral therapy include: Token Economies This type of behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items. Parents and teachers often use token economies to reinforce good behavior. Kids earn tokens for engaging in preferred behaviors and may even lose tokens for displaying undesirable behaviors. These tokens can then be traded for things such as candy, toys, or extra time playing with a favorite toy. Contingency Management This approach utilizes a formal written contract between the client and the therapist that outlines the behavior change goals, reinforcements, and rewards that will be given and the penalties for failing to meet the demands of the agreement. These types of agreements arent just used by therapistsâ€"teachers and parents also often use them with students and children in the form of behavior contracts. Contingency contracts can be very effective in producing behavior changes since the rules are spelled out clearly in black-and-white, preventing both parties from backing down on their promises. Modeling This technique involves learning through observation and modeling the behavior of others. The process is based on Albert Banduras social learning theory, which emphasizes the social components of the learning process. Rather than relying simply on reinforcement or punishment, modeling allows individuals to learn new skills or acceptable behaviors by watching someone else perform those desired skills. In some cases, the therapist might model the desired behavior. In other instances, watching peers engage in sought-after behaviors can also be helpful. Extinction Another way to produce behavior change is to stop reinforcing a behavior in order to eliminate the response. Time-outs are a perfect example of the extinction process. During a time-out, a person is removed from a situation that provides reinforcement. For example, a child who starts yelling or striking other children would be removed from the play activity and required to sit quietly in a corner or another room where there are no opportunities for attention and reinforcement. By taking away the attention that the child found rewarding, the unwanted behavior is eventually extinguished. How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology A Word From Verywell When it comes to treating specific behavioral issues, behavioral therapy can sometimes be more effective than other approaches. Phobias, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are examples of problems that respond well to behavioral treatments. However, it is important to note that behavioral approaches are not always the best solution. For example, behavioral therapy is generally not the best approach when treating certain serious psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Behavioral therapy might be effective at helping clients manage or cope with certain aspects of these psychiatric conditions, but should be used in conjunction with other medical and therapeutic treatments recommended by a medical doctor, psychologist or psychiatrist. The Best Online Therapy Services

Comparison Of Marcus Garvey And David Duke Essay - 1063 Words

Racial issues have always been debated and followed by many people throughout the history of America and will continue to be for a long time. Along with these debates come movements and with movements come leaders. Two well-known leaders of racially driven movements are Marcus Garvey and David Duke. Garvey was a black man looking to forward his fellow black manamp;#8217;s financial state and living conditions, and he became a leader for his movement. Duke is a white man who feels that with all of the racial diversity in this country the white race is being mistreated and destroyed, and became a leader for a more extreme group of believers. These two extraordinary men can be compared and contrasted with respect to their groups, views,†¦show more content†¦Both men believe that blacks and whites should be segregated. Garvey is known as a separatist and is famous for the amp;#8220;back to Africa; movement. (Robinson 193) He felt it was hopeless to depend on whites and to try to integrate into the white society because they, like any racial group would continue to protect their own self-interests. (The Road 7) One of Garveyamp;#8217;s goals was to set up a black nation-state in Africa in which blacks owned their own businesses and had their own separate political and economic base. He opened up the Black Star Line as transportation for blacks to go back to Africa in order to accomplish this goal. Each of his ships met disaster after disaster and his goal was crushed. David Duke was similar to Garvey in his views. Duke felt that the black race and white race should not be inter-mixed. He said of Klan philosophy amp;#8220;Specifically weamp;#8217;re totally opposed to integration. We think integration has only caused hatred and violence between races. We think races should be separated...; (Sims 168) Duke was an intelligent young man who read lots of books, magazines, and gathers various information. His father was racist and so was Duke. Duke claims that as a child he was pro-integration but after reading the novel Race and Reason and doing various research he felt that the white race was the genetically superior race. Duke said, Race and Reason was amp;#8220;the first eloquent challenge to forcedShow MoreRelated Discontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop5489 Words   |  22 Pagespolitical message, in general form, is presented through music. Protest music addresses the social, political, and economic conditions of the times and often speaks directly to the listeners experience (King 20). In the following pages, a general comparison will be made between the evolution and effects of the blues, jazz, reggae music, and hip-hop, with a focus on reggae and hip-hop. According to musicologist Rod Gruver, life for the lower-class Negro in America in the early 1900s was completelyRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesthe early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable success as a leader of thousands in the United States quite an amazing thing. Those who would presage the arrival of Rastafarianism also witnessed andRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages24/7 FAQs, online chat, and phone support www.wileyplus.com/support Your WileyPLUS Account Manager Training and implementation support www.wileyplus.com/accountmanager MAKE IT YOURS! Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des Moines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate

The Broadway Musical Hamilton By Lin Manuel Miranda

Oftentimes people have a difficult time connecting with history. They do not see the relevance between something hundreds of years ago and today’s issues. The Broadway musical Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda does a great job of bridging that gap. Many of the issues that were faced in the time period of Alexander Hamilton are also faced in the world today. An example of this is politicians riding the fence on important issues. A main character in the play is criticized greatly for doing this just as people are currently. In Miranda’s Hamilton, characters are faced with issues and are asked to take a stand just as political leaders are today. Hamilton had a rough childhood and did not have many opportunities where he came from. His family, friends, and neighbors decided that he needed to go to the mainland to get an education. It was then that he was able to make a name for himself and he began to climb the social and political ladders. If Hamilton would have stayed in his hometown he would not have been able to do anything that he accomplished in his life. The world we live in today is having to make similar decisions. With the Olympics going on currently, viewers are learning many new facts about athletes from around the world. Andre De Grasse, for example, is originally from Ontario Canada. He proved that he is one of the fastest men in the world when he won bronze in the 100-meter final. De Grasse has always been fast but did not have the opportunities to compete on aShow MoreRelatedHamilton Is A Musical Written By Lin Manuel Miranda1148 Words   |  5 PagesHamilton is a musical written by Lin Manuel Miranda that was debuted on January 20th, 2015. It was a great success winning alone 11 Tony awards (â€Å"Tony Awards 2016† 2016). From The Public Theater to Broadway, Hamilton has reached the eyes and ears of many leaving people thirsty for more of Hamilton. 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The musical is based on a book written by Ron Chernow about Alexander Hamilton’s life. The story narrates the founding of the United States. The show is being called a revolution due to its language. Lin-Manuel Miranda is being called this generation’s Shakespeare. They both use modern language to reach their audience. In this case, the language is Rap and Hip Hop. Most broadways showRead MoreAnalysis Of The Musical Hamilton 1805 Words   |  8 PagesHamilton Essay The musical â€Å"Hamilton† is the most sought after musical in years. It is the first seen rap musical and it has received the most ‘Tony’ awards and nominations in Broadway history. Hamilton premiered off Broadway in 2015 and soon moved to Broadway to stun the world with it’s incredible everything, from plot to casting. 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LIZ Their first child, Sebastian Miranda, was born in 2014 and as Lin is often tweeting, is stepping into the art world. His constant display of affection shows us that Sebastian and his new

Cross-Cultural Communication Game Free Essays

Introduction Cross cultural communication becomes an essential element in the organization because of the increase and interest in globalization and the diversity in the work environments. The employees in the company will be separated into diverse groups and sub-groups, those groups will have their own verbal and non-verbal communication styles which may create disagreement or conflict within the organization, especially in the multinational company. Objectives of the game The major goals of the games are: I) Introducing to a group about communication pattern change when there are cultural differences, II) Understanding both cultural behaviors and communication patterns can impact negotiation between two groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross-Cultural Communication Game or any similar topic only for you Order Now Equipment and materials required In terms of resources needed, an overhead projector, a computer and blackboard are needed during the game. Also, paper and gifts would be prepared too. Procedure 1. Divide the students into two groups which are Alpha group and Beta group, they will have a paper showing their own characteristics in the game 2. Choose two leaders in Alpha group and two leaders in Beta group 3. Solve the distribution of reward problem in their own group first. The first round discussion will be recorded by the game holder. 4. After 10 minutes, half of the members in each group will exchange to another group, they will discuss the problem again. They will have cross cultural communication through the group exchanging. The discussion will be recorded by the game holder. 5. Based on the above discussion, each group requires to reporting the results of the negotiation. Time allocation Our management game is â€Å"Alpha-Beta partnership†. Firstly, 3-5 minutes would be allocated on giving students the background information and objectives of the game, and separating them into 2 groups. Then 22 minutes would be the management game session. Lastly, the rest of time would be used to be a debriefing session and a simple conclusion on the management game. Activities| Time spend| Introduction| 3 minutes| Dividing into groups| 2 minutes| Game on Alpha-Beta partnership| 22 minutes(2 minutes for them to exchange)| Conclusion and feedback| 10 minutes| Reference: http://books. google. com. hk/books? id=49L0vgdcdLACpg=PA11hl=zh-CNsource=gbs_toc_rcad=4#v=onepageqf=false How to cite Cross-Cultural Communication Game, Essay examples

The problem of knowledge Essay Example For Students

The problem of knowledge Essay There is a physical sound present, but there is no sound experience. It is logical to think that things occur even if there is nobody to see/hear/taste them since changes can be observed (If you leave a burning paper and come later, it will be burnt) The tables in the classroom Do tables dance when nobody is around? It is improbable for such a thing to exist, therefore it is considered false, since it is impossible to prove. Theories of reality Common-sense realism the world is the way we perceive it (What you see it what is there) Scientific realism The world exists independently but is different from what we perceive it as (Atoms in the void) Phenomenalism We can only know what we perceive (to be is to be perceived Most theories suggest the existence of an independently existing reality (Things happen also without people). We will write a custom essay on The problem of knowledge specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Reason Using reason we gain knowledge that is beyond the immediate evidence of our senses. Rationalism school of philosophy according to which reason is the most important source of knowledge even more than experience Premises The assumptions in logic, conclusions follow from them Fallacies invalid patterns of reasoning Deductive reasoning i Moving from the general to the particular. Syllogisms A kind of argument that includes: Two premises and a conclusion Three terms, each occurring twice Quantifiers (all, some, no) Truth = a property of statements Validity = a property of arguments An argument is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises and invalid when it doesnt. Trueness is independent on validity. The structure of arguments Validity of a syllogism doesnt depend on the words used but on the structure. It is possible to substitute the elements for anything else and the validity wont change. (A - B is the same as seeds-plants when speaking of validity). A fallacy called brief bias is based on concentrating not on the structure but the words themselves which may lead to false conclusions. Venn diagrams are a useful tool when deciding whether a syllogism is valid. However, Venn diagrams contain extra information which should NOT be considered as given in the first place. Deductive reasoning preserves truth if the premises are both true then the conclusion must be true. Enthymeme = an incomplete argument (e. g. Jenny goes to Oxford so she must be intelligent) All deductive reasoning is based on inductive reasoning experience Inductive reasoning i Moving from the particular to the general Is based on experience and observation which allows to draw conclusions Deduction and induction compared Deduction Reasoning from general to particular All metals expand when heated A is a metal -A expands when heated More certain, less information than Induction How reliable is inductive reasoning? Sometimes we make hasty generalizations. Sometimes, even well supported inductions are proved wrong. Confirmation bias people only see things supporting their theories and ignore exceptions. Good generalizations 1) Number need to look at a large number of examples to be able to make a generalization 2) Variety variety of circumstances different types 3) Exceptions actively look at counter-examples 4) Coherence more evidence for unlikely things 5) Subject area some areas are more certain than others (mathsbiology) Informal Reasoning The ten deadly fallacies: Ad ignorantiam Hasty generalization Post hoc ergo propter hoc Ad hominem Circular reasoning Special pleading Equivocation False analogy Claiming something is true because it cannot be proved false Generalizing from insufficient evidence Confusing a correlation with a causal connection Attacking/supporting the person rather than the argument. .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .postImageUrl , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:hover , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:visited , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:active { border:0!important; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:active , .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386 .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03b68e5b510e46073a2dfdef39ea1386:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Snow Goose Overpopulation EssayAssuming the truth of what you are supposed to be proving Using double standards to excuse an individual or a group Using language ambiguously Assuming that because two things are alike in some aspects, they are alike in others Assuming that only two black and white alternatives exist A question that is biased because it contains a built in assumption Post hoc ergo propter hoc The fact that two things follow after each other doesnt necessarily mean that one is the cause of the other. (e. g. Day is not the cause of night) Ad hominem fallacy (against the man) Not arguing attacking/supporting the person. (e. g. What do YOU know about it? Youre just a child! / Obama says it so it must be right) Circular reasoning (vicious circle / begging the question) Arguing with the thing that needs to be proven. (e. g. God must exist because dictated wrote the bible) Special pleading Exceptions for certain people (e. g. politician immunity) Equivocation Word used in two different ways in an argument (A hamburger is better than nothing and nothing is better than good health = hamburger is better than good health) Argument ad ignorantiam Saying something is true on the basis thet it cannot be proved wrong. God exists. Do you have any proof that he does? Do you have any proof that he does not? So he must. False analogy Using analogies that are not logically correct only a rhetorical device (e. g. comparing rain to human problems) False dilemma Only putting something as black and white suggesting binary thinking when there are other options as well (e. g. You either climb that tree or you will NEVER conquer your fear! ) Loaded questions Questions that contain suggestions and cannot be answered in a yes/no manner while not telling anything. (e. g. Do you always cheat on your exams? ) Causes of bad reasoning The main reasons are ignorance, laziness, pride and prejudice. We misuse rhetorical skills in order to persuade people sometimes we even argue about things which we know are wrong rather than coming to the correct conclusion. Reason and certainty Laws of thought: The law of identity If A then A. The law of non-contradiction If A is A then it is not non-A The law of the excluded middle Everything is either A or non-A. Nothing is both. Can deductive reasoning be doubted? Reason is a matter of faith Some things are unsure and unable to be categorized properly (day/night) Everything is constantly changing? Can inductive reasoning be doubted? Induction is hard to apply for all rather than all observed Prison of consistency When you take a position on something, it is difficult to change it without losing face or to look at it from a different perspective. (It is hard to find errors in my own test) .

science extinction essays

science extinction essays Australia has an alarming amount of endangered and extinct species compared to the rest of the world. Biologists have listed all plants and animals that they know are at risk of extinction in Australia. These are called endangered species. The list includes 10 species of fish, 12 frogs, 13 reptiles, 32 birds, 33 mammals and 209 plants. In addition, there are many more species that are listed as vulnerable and some that are classified as rare. Here is an example of an endangered species. The Dugong when fully grown is about 3m long and weighs about 295kg. It has a whale like body greyish coloured skin. The sea mammal feeds on sea grass, mainly at night. Dugongs tend to live and migrate in groups. The Dugong is found in Australia in the West Indian Ocean. There was once a colony of Dugongs in Moreton Bay in Queensland, Australia. The main reason for endangerment is they were once hunted for their oil, hide and meat. In modern times the Dugong is protected by law but only in Australia. The aborigines are still able to hunt them but only if they use traditional methods of hunting. You will not find dugongs in shark-infested waters. Sharks and humans are the only predators that we know of. This amazing sea mammal is endangered because in the 1900s sailors killed them for their meat, and then later on the dugong was killed for it's oil and hide. Many animals in Australia prior to protection laws died out completely. This is called extinction. Here is an example of an extinct species. The Thyalcine or Tasmanian Tiger, closly related to the Tasmanian Devil is listed as presumed extinct under both the Federal and State Threatened Species Protection Acts. This means Thylacine have not been officially sighted in the wild or captivity for at least 50 years. The last known record of a Thylacine is from a Tasmanian zoo, where it died in 1936. ...

Microsoft Word Tips Adjusting Text Alignment - Get Proofed!

Microsoft Word Tips Adjusting Text Alignment - Get Proofed! Adjusting Text Alignment Good formatting is important. After all, you need your text to be easy to read, so it needs to be presented on the page (or screen) clearly and consistently. And text alignment is a big part of this. In this post, then, we’re looking at how to adjust the text alignment in Microsoft Word. Adjusting Text Alignment The alignment options in MS Word control how text is positioned in relation to the page margins. This can be controlled via the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab on the ribbon. From left to right: Align Left, Center, Align Right, and Justify. From left to right, you have four alignment options available. These are: Align Left – Used to align the text to the left margin Center – Used to position text centrally on the page Align Right – Used to align the text with the right margin Justify – Used to spread text evenly across the page so the first word on each line begins at the left margin and the last word ends at the right margin To apply formatting, simply select the relevant text (or place the cursor where you want to type) and select an alignment option. Alternatively, you can select the text you want to adjust and click the arrow in the bottom corner of the â€Å"Paragraph† section to open a new window. You can then select an option from the dropdown â€Å"Alignment† menu and click â€Å"OK.† The Paragraph menu. Which Option Should You Use? For the main body of your work, you have two main options: Align Left and Justify. Justify is popular because it creates neat blocks of text, so it looks tidy. It is also useful if you have multiple columns of text on the page (this is why newspapers and magazines often use justified text). Align Left is the default for most people, though, particularly in the publishing industry. This is because it’s easy to read and prevents â€Å"rivers† (i.e., vertical blank spaces) appearing in the text. Text alignment options. In most documents, Center should be saved for headings and subheadings. You might also use it for short passages that need to be set apart from the surrounding text. However, if you need to present a longer passage in the middle of the page, such as a block quote, you should use the indent options instead of alignment. Align Right, meanwhile, is not used for much at all. There are some rare occasions when it is useful, such as for positioning a caption relative to an image. Usually, though, it just makes things harder to read. The key with formatting in any document, however, is clarity and consistency. The best alignment option to pick is therefore the one that makes your document as easy to read as possible. If you need a little assistance with your formatting, though, get in touch to see how we can help.